mr Happy
نقاط : 2703
تاريخ التسجيل : 26/03/2009
 |  موضوع: فى الانجليزية a / an استخدام أداتى النكرة  الإثنين يوليو 20, 2009 1:51 pm | |
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1 Articles
1 a/an (the indefinite article)
The form a is used before a word beginning with a consonant, or a vowel with a consonant sound:
a man a hat a university a European
a one-way street
The form an is used before words beginning with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) or words beginning with a mute h:
an apple an island an uncle
an egg an onion an hour
or individual letters spoken with a vowel sound:
an L-plate an MP an SOS an 'x' a/an is the same for all genders:
a man a woman an actor an actress a table
2 Use of a/an a/an is used:
A Before a singular noun which is countable (i.e. of which there is more than one) when it is mentioned for the first time and represents no particular person or thing:
/ need a visa. They live in a flat. He bought an ice-cream.
B Before a singular countable noun which is used as an example of a class of things:
A car must be insured =
All cars/Any car must be insured.
A child needs love =
All children need/Any child needs love.
C With a noun complement. This includes names of professions:
It was an earthquake. She'll be a dancer. He is an actor.
D In certain expressions of quantity: a lot of a couple
a great many a dozen (but one dozen is also possible)
a great deal of
E With certain numbers
a hundred a thousand (See 349 ) Before half when half follows a whole number
ll/2 kilos = one and a half kilos or a kilo and a half But 1/2 kg = half a kilo (no a before half), though a + half + noun is sometimes possible
a half holiday a half portion a half share With 1/3 1/4, 1/5 etc a is usual a third, a quarter etc , but one is also possible (See 350 )
F In expressions of price, speed, ratio etc
5p a kilo £1 a metre sixty kilometres an hour
lOp a dozen four times a day (Here a/an = per )
G In exclamations before singular, countable nouns
Such a long queue' What a pretty girl' But Such long queues' What pretty girls' (Plural nouns, so no article See 3 )
H a can be placed before Mr/Mrs/Miss + surname
a Mr Smith a Mrs Smith a Miss Smith
a Mr Smith means 'a man called Smith' and implies that he is a stranger to the speaker Mr Smith, without a, implies that the speaker knows Mr Smith or knows of his existence
(For the difference between a/an and one, see 4 For a few and a little, see 5 )
3 Omission of a/an a/an is omitted
A Before plural nouns
a/an has no plural form. So the plural of a dog is dogs, and of
an egg is eggs
B Before uncountable nouns (see 13)
C Before names of meals, except when these are preceded by an adjective
We have breakfast at eight
He gave us a good breakfast
The article is also used when it is a special meal given to celebrate something or in someone's honour
/ was invited to dinner (at their house, in the ordinary way) but
/ was invited to a dinner given to welcome the new ambassador
4 a/an and one
A a/an and one (adjective)
1 When counting or measuring time, distance, weight etc we can use either a/an or one for the singular:
£1 = a/one pound £1,000,000 = a/one million pounds (See chapter 36.)
But note that in The rent is £100 a week the a before week is not replaceable by one (see 2 F)
In other types of statement a/an and one are not normally interchangeable, because one + noun normally means 'one only/not more than one' and a/an does not mean this
A shotgun is no good (It is the wrong sort of thing )
One shotgun is no good (I need two or three )
2 Special uses of one
(a) one (adjective/pronoun) used with another/others
One (boy) wanted to read, another/others wanted to watch TV
(See 53 )
One day he wanted his lunch early, another day he wanted it late
(b) one can be used before day/week/month/year/summer/winter etc or before the name of the day or month to denote a particular time when something happened
One night there was a terrible storm One winter the snow fell early One day a telegram arrived
(c) one day can also be used to mean 'at some future date'.
One day you 'II be sorry you treated him so badly (Some day would also be possible ) (For one and you, see 68 )
B a/an and one (pronoun)
one is the pronoun equivalent of a/an
Did you get a ticket? ~ Yes, I managed to get one The plural of one used in this way is some
Did you get tickets? ~ Yes, I managed to get some
5 a little/a few and little/few
A a little/little (adjectives) are used before uncountable nouns:
a little salt/little salt a few/few (adjectives) are used before plural nouns.
a few people/few people All four forms can also be used as pronouns, either alone or with of:
Sugar? ~ A little, please
Only a few of these are any good
B a little, a few (adjectives and pronouns)
a little is a small amount, or what the speaker considers a small
amount, a few is a small number, or what the speaker considers a small number.
only placed before a little/a few emphasizes that the number or amount really is small in the speaker's opinion:
Only a few of our customers have accounts But quite placed before a few increases the number considerably:
/ have quite a few books on art (quite a lot of books)
C little and few (adjectives and pronouns)
little and few denote scarcity or lack and have almost the force of a negative:
There was little time for consultation.
Little is known about the side-effects of this drug.
Few towns have such splendid trees.
This use of little and few is mainly confined to written English (probably because in conversation little and few might easily be mistaken for a little/a few). In conversation, therefore, little and few are normally replaced by hardly any A negative verb + much/many is also possible:
We saw little = We saw hardly anything/We didn't see much.
Tourists come here but few stay overnight =
Tourists come here but hardly any stay overnight. But little and few can be used more freely when they are qualified by so, very, too, extremely, comparatively, relatively etc. fewer (comparative) can also be used more freely.
I'm unwilling to try a drug I know so little about
They have too many technicians, we have too few
There are fewer butterflies every year.
D a little/little (adverbs)
1 a little can be used-
(a) with verbs: It rained a little during the night.
They grumbled a little about having to wait.
(b) with 'unfavourable' adjectives and adverbs: a little anxious a little unwillingly
a little annoyed a little impatiently
(c) with comparative adjectives or adverbs:
The paper should be a little thicker
Can't you walk a little faster?
rather could replace a little in (b) and can also be used before comparatives (see 42), though a little is more usual. In colloquial English a bit could be used instead of a little in all the above examples.
2 little is used chiefly with better or more in fairly formal style'
His second suggestion was little (= not much) better than his first.
He was little (= not much) more than a child when his father died It can also, in formal English, be placed before certain verbs, for example expect, know, suspect, think:
He little expected to find himself in prison He little thought that one day Note also the adjectives little-known and little-used: a little-known painter a little-used footpath
6 the (the definite article) منقول   | |
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Why not
نقاط : 1824
تاريخ التسجيل : 08/06/2009
| | موضوع: رد: فى الانجليزية a / an استخدام أداتى النكرة الجمعة يوليو 24, 2009 11:59 pm | |
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Abu Arab
نقاط : 286
تاريخ التسجيل : 11/06/2009
| | موضوع: رد: فى الانجليزية a / an استخدام أداتى النكرة الجمعة سبتمبر 04, 2009 7:25 pm | |
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